Claudius is not trusting of others. For example, he sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to make sure that Hamlet boards the ship to England. Also, Claudius worries that once Hamlet is in England, the king will disobey his orders. He does not trust England to obey his commands to kill Hamlet. Secondly, Claudius is highly manipulative. He is able to convince Laertes that he is in no way responsible for Polonius's death. He also manipulates Laertes into having a duel with Hamlet. Claudius's manipulative demeanor stem from his desire to control situations. He is no longer caught up in guilt. Instead, he is focusing his attention on securing his position as king. Hamlet knows the truth, and thus is a threat to Claudius and his crown. Therefore, Claudius does everything in his power to kill and destroy Hamlet.
Ophelia has been driven to insanity because of the death of her father. She is seen singing, "He is dead and gone, lady, he is dead and gone, at his head a grass green turf, at his heals a stone" (Act 4, scene 5). Another reason to believe that Polonius's death is the cause of Ophelia's madness is when the king states, "Oh, this is the poison of deep grief. It springs all from her father's death." The queen's speech about Ophelia's death reveals that her insanity was genuine, and not self inflicted. Ophelia was so crazy that she was not aware of the danger she was in as she floated down the river. She lost awareness and sensitivity of her environment, so much so that she died accidentally. Her madness became the cause of her death.
The scene with the Gravediggers is significant because it provides some comic relief to the play. Lots of tragic events have occurred up until this point, and the Gravediggers relieve a little of that tension. Also, there are more tragic events that are about to occur. So this funny scene lifts the audience's spirit before the sad ending. Ophelia's burial is controversial because she may have committed suicide. If so, according to the Church, she should not receive a proper Christian burial.
The central revenge plot is that of Hamlet's quest to avenge his father's death. He seeks to kill Claudius. This plot lasts the entire length of the play, and it is also the tragic dilemma of the play. Another revenge plot is Laertes desire to avenge his father's death. Laertes is convinced, partly because of Claudius, to kill Hamlet because Hamlet murdered Polonius. This revenge storyline is important because it ultimately leads to the death of the main character. A third revenge plot is Claudius' attempt to seek revenge upon Hamlet for embarrassing him in front of the entire court. Claudius' manipulates Laertes into killing Hamlet in order to fulfill both of their desires for revenge.
Sunday, April 26, 2009
Monday, April 20, 2009
Hamlet
1. First, the "play within a play" contains a brief, silent version of the play. During this there is a king who is murdered by having poison poured into his ear. After the king dies, the murderer seduces the queen. Then, the full length play begins. Here, it is relvealed that the murderer is the king's nephew. These events are all directly related to the actual events in Denmark. King Hamlet is killed by havinf poison pired into his ear, and his murderer, although not his neohew, was a member of his immediate family. Just like in the silent, short play, the queen ends up with the king's murderer. As soon as the actor playing the king is murdered, Claudius stands and insists on there being light. Then he guiltily flees the room.
2. Hamlet ultimately decides not to kill Claudius after the "play within a play" because Claudius is in the middle of confessing his sins to God. By killing the king right after he recieves forgiveness for his sins, Hamlet would be sending Claudius to heaven. Instead, Hamlet wishes to kill Claudius at a moment when he has not recently asked God for forgiveness. This way, Claudius would be sent to purgatory to pay for his sins. After all, Claudius is responsible or sendinf Hamlet's father, King Claudius, to purgatory. Hamlet chooses to wait until Claudius has commited sins, like being drunk, lustful, or angry.
3.Ophelia becomes insane because her father, Polonius, has been killed. The songs that she sings do not seem to make much sense. However, before she exits, she makes a statement that sounds very normal and reasonable. She says "I hope all will be well. We must be patient, but I cannot choose but to weep, to think they should lay him i' th' cold ground." These lines seen beleivable for a person in Ophelia's position to say. These lines also demonstrate how her father's death is the cause for her insanity. Ophelia drowns to death in a river at the end of Act IV. It is unclear whether it is purely an accident or suicide. Ophelia's maddness and death symbolize the ultimate evil and darkness of Denmark. The fact that someone as pure and innocent as Ophelia would be destroyed and corupted in the kingdom shows the ill fate and danger still ahead for Denmark.
4. Hamlet is pretending to be mad at the end of Act IV. One example of his sanity is that before the "play within a play" Hamlet tells Horatio that he will be acting odd and seeming to be crazy. Also, Hamlet shows reason and logic when he decides not to kill Claudius while he is praying. Ophelia's actions are unplanned and illogical, however Hamlet uses reason, logic and sound arguments.
2. Hamlet ultimately decides not to kill Claudius after the "play within a play" because Claudius is in the middle of confessing his sins to God. By killing the king right after he recieves forgiveness for his sins, Hamlet would be sending Claudius to heaven. Instead, Hamlet wishes to kill Claudius at a moment when he has not recently asked God for forgiveness. This way, Claudius would be sent to purgatory to pay for his sins. After all, Claudius is responsible or sendinf Hamlet's father, King Claudius, to purgatory. Hamlet chooses to wait until Claudius has commited sins, like being drunk, lustful, or angry.
3.Ophelia becomes insane because her father, Polonius, has been killed. The songs that she sings do not seem to make much sense. However, before she exits, she makes a statement that sounds very normal and reasonable. She says "I hope all will be well. We must be patient, but I cannot choose but to weep, to think they should lay him i' th' cold ground." These lines seen beleivable for a person in Ophelia's position to say. These lines also demonstrate how her father's death is the cause for her insanity. Ophelia drowns to death in a river at the end of Act IV. It is unclear whether it is purely an accident or suicide. Ophelia's maddness and death symbolize the ultimate evil and darkness of Denmark. The fact that someone as pure and innocent as Ophelia would be destroyed and corupted in the kingdom shows the ill fate and danger still ahead for Denmark.
4. Hamlet is pretending to be mad at the end of Act IV. One example of his sanity is that before the "play within a play" Hamlet tells Horatio that he will be acting odd and seeming to be crazy. Also, Hamlet shows reason and logic when he decides not to kill Claudius while he is praying. Ophelia's actions are unplanned and illogical, however Hamlet uses reason, logic and sound arguments.
Tuesday, April 14, 2009
Hamlet
Act 2 Scene 1:
When Polonius gives specific instructions to Reynaldo about how to spy on Laertes, Shakespeare reveals to the audience how conniving and deceitful Polonius can be. He tells Reynaldo to act like he knows of Laertes as a guy who drinks and gambles etc. Then Reynaldo can tell by the other person's reaction if Laertes really does these things. Polonius is a deceptive man, and he also does not trust his son to behave in France. When Reynaldo is leaving Polonius gives him one more instruction: to see what Laertes does with his own eyes and not to trust gossip. This statement seems like Polonius is contradicting himself, but really it shows how careful and thoughtful he is being about the situation. He is determined to find out the truth about his son, and does not want gossip to be all that he knows. Finally, Ophelia enters to tell her father about Hamlet's unexplained actions. When he hears of Hamlet's odd behavior, Polonius immediately decides to tell the king and reasons that Hamlet is mad with love for Ophelia. This reaction shows that he is quick to act and draw conclusions. He does not consider any other options, and acts on his limited knowledge.
Act 2 Scene 2
In this scene, Hamlet's madness seems self-inflicted. He is not running around wild, instead he is able to carry on conversations that are filled with wit and logic. Through his logic he is able to determine the real reason Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are visiting him. A genuine crazy person would not be able to reason logically or make sense of his surroundings. When he is alone, audience is able to see clearly that Hamlet is sane. He begins blaming himself for not taking action to avenge his father's death. He still remembers everything he has set out to do. A crazy person would get so caught up in their emotions and environment that they forget their motives. Finally, Hamlet invents a brilliant plan to determine if his uncle is guilty. If Hamlet were mad, he would not be able to devise such a spectacular and fool proof plan.
Act 3 Scene 1
The purpose of Polonius and the King spying on the conversation between Hamlet and Ophelia is to determine if he has gone crazy in love with her. They want to see how he acts around her when the two are alone. The end result is that the King concludes that Hamlet is not madly in love with Ophelia. Instead, he feels that Hamlet's speech is not that of a crazy person. However, he believes that Hamlet will soon be overcome with sadness and fears what will happen when he does. Polonius is not convinced of all of this. He still believes that Hamlet is crazy because of his feelings toward Ophelia. Hamlet treats Ophelia very badly. He tells her that he never had feelings for her and that she should join a nunnery. He explains to her that she is dishonest for wearing make-up. He treats her this way because he is trying to appear crazy. He wants everyone around him to think that he has lost his mind. This change in his actions towards Ophelia is because he can't act sane around her and crazy around others. He must devote every area of his life to his plan for avenging his fathers death. This unfortunately means he must treat Ophelia badly.
When Polonius gives specific instructions to Reynaldo about how to spy on Laertes, Shakespeare reveals to the audience how conniving and deceitful Polonius can be. He tells Reynaldo to act like he knows of Laertes as a guy who drinks and gambles etc. Then Reynaldo can tell by the other person's reaction if Laertes really does these things. Polonius is a deceptive man, and he also does not trust his son to behave in France. When Reynaldo is leaving Polonius gives him one more instruction: to see what Laertes does with his own eyes and not to trust gossip. This statement seems like Polonius is contradicting himself, but really it shows how careful and thoughtful he is being about the situation. He is determined to find out the truth about his son, and does not want gossip to be all that he knows. Finally, Ophelia enters to tell her father about Hamlet's unexplained actions. When he hears of Hamlet's odd behavior, Polonius immediately decides to tell the king and reasons that Hamlet is mad with love for Ophelia. This reaction shows that he is quick to act and draw conclusions. He does not consider any other options, and acts on his limited knowledge.
Act 2 Scene 2
In this scene, Hamlet's madness seems self-inflicted. He is not running around wild, instead he is able to carry on conversations that are filled with wit and logic. Through his logic he is able to determine the real reason Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are visiting him. A genuine crazy person would not be able to reason logically or make sense of his surroundings. When he is alone, audience is able to see clearly that Hamlet is sane. He begins blaming himself for not taking action to avenge his father's death. He still remembers everything he has set out to do. A crazy person would get so caught up in their emotions and environment that they forget their motives. Finally, Hamlet invents a brilliant plan to determine if his uncle is guilty. If Hamlet were mad, he would not be able to devise such a spectacular and fool proof plan.
Act 3 Scene 1
The purpose of Polonius and the King spying on the conversation between Hamlet and Ophelia is to determine if he has gone crazy in love with her. They want to see how he acts around her when the two are alone. The end result is that the King concludes that Hamlet is not madly in love with Ophelia. Instead, he feels that Hamlet's speech is not that of a crazy person. However, he believes that Hamlet will soon be overcome with sadness and fears what will happen when he does. Polonius is not convinced of all of this. He still believes that Hamlet is crazy because of his feelings toward Ophelia. Hamlet treats Ophelia very badly. He tells her that he never had feelings for her and that she should join a nunnery. He explains to her that she is dishonest for wearing make-up. He treats her this way because he is trying to appear crazy. He wants everyone around him to think that he has lost his mind. This change in his actions towards Ophelia is because he can't act sane around her and crazy around others. He must devote every area of his life to his plan for avenging his fathers death. This unfortunately means he must treat Ophelia badly.
Tuesday, April 7, 2009
Travel and Discovery
Montezuma was the leader of the Mexican tribe. He was very traditional with his customs and beliefs of the tribe. Cortez was the leader of the explorers from Spain. When reading the story, I felt sympathetic towards Montezuma because his land and idols were being destroyed. However, as the story progressed I began feeling the most sympathetic towards Cortez. He came to this land to do what he thought was right: civilize and teach these people about Christianity. In the meantime, Cortez became extremely close to Montezuma. He loved Montezuma like a brother. I can't imagine how painful it must have been for Cortez to ultiamately lose his dear friend, Montezuma. Although the destruction and chaos that Cortez and his men caused may seem unnessecary, Cortez truly believed it was his purpose. It is a shame that Montezuma died, and the two were not able to continue their friendship.
Mandeville discusses several unique natives of the lands where he had traveled. First, he describes some of the natives of Ethiopia. He says that these people have one, large foot. Amazingly, they are able to travel around quickly on their giant foot. He says that the same people are yellow when they are children, but become black when they age. Although the children may darken as the grow, I doubt that they could turn from yellow to black. The one giant foot sounds very strange to me in this day and age. However before the many advances in medicine, if a person lost a leg, they would have to learn to live with one. Nowadays, people can get prosthetic legs. Another group of natives that he discusses are from the isle of Dondun. These people kill their loved ones when the idols tell them that they will die. After they kill the sick person, they cut up the bodies and everyone eats it. This horrific act is not common in today's society. However, I'm not surprised to think that some cultures would partake in this disgusting ritual. Mandevill goes on to discuss many other natives. For example, he describes people that travel on their hands and feet like beasts. These natives also are said to leap from tree to tree. This description is realistic in my eyes. I can believe that the uncivilized cultures of Ethiopia and other countries were beast-like before the English men came to their lands. This true story is hard to imagine occurring today, but when I consider the fact that this happened hundreds of years ago, I can believe it.
Christopher Columbus desired that the new lands would give Spain many new spices and goods. He also hoped to discover gold mines in the new world, so that Spain could have more money. He believed these things were possible because of his faith and devotion to God. He says that the Lord will provide "victory over things which seem impossible" to His followers. Most importantly, Columbus expects to bring many people and nations to Christ. He hopes for the "conversion of so many peoples to our holy faith." Therefore, there is a direct correlation between Columbus' expectations and his Christianity. He is able to experience the new world with a grateful heart because he knows that God is providing for him and blessing his endeavors. He sees the natives as people who need to know about God, not as hopeless savages. His faith also impacted his experience.
Mandeville discusses several unique natives of the lands where he had traveled. First, he describes some of the natives of Ethiopia. He says that these people have one, large foot. Amazingly, they are able to travel around quickly on their giant foot. He says that the same people are yellow when they are children, but become black when they age. Although the children may darken as the grow, I doubt that they could turn from yellow to black. The one giant foot sounds very strange to me in this day and age. However before the many advances in medicine, if a person lost a leg, they would have to learn to live with one. Nowadays, people can get prosthetic legs. Another group of natives that he discusses are from the isle of Dondun. These people kill their loved ones when the idols tell them that they will die. After they kill the sick person, they cut up the bodies and everyone eats it. This horrific act is not common in today's society. However, I'm not surprised to think that some cultures would partake in this disgusting ritual. Mandevill goes on to discuss many other natives. For example, he describes people that travel on their hands and feet like beasts. These natives also are said to leap from tree to tree. This description is realistic in my eyes. I can believe that the uncivilized cultures of Ethiopia and other countries were beast-like before the English men came to their lands. This true story is hard to imagine occurring today, but when I consider the fact that this happened hundreds of years ago, I can believe it.
Christopher Columbus desired that the new lands would give Spain many new spices and goods. He also hoped to discover gold mines in the new world, so that Spain could have more money. He believed these things were possible because of his faith and devotion to God. He says that the Lord will provide "victory over things which seem impossible" to His followers. Most importantly, Columbus expects to bring many people and nations to Christ. He hopes for the "conversion of so many peoples to our holy faith." Therefore, there is a direct correlation between Columbus' expectations and his Christianity. He is able to experience the new world with a grateful heart because he knows that God is providing for him and blessing his endeavors. He sees the natives as people who need to know about God, not as hopeless savages. His faith also impacted his experience.
Sunday, April 5, 2009
Hamlet
The mood of the opening scene of Hamlet is uncertain, and fearful. The guards are not sure what the meaning is of the figure that they are seeing. Horatio and the others are all afraid when they see the ghost. Horatio announces that the ghost symbolizes the misfortune that will soon come to Denmark. However, the men are uncertain exactly what misfortunes will arise. The first scene is connected to the appearance of the ghost in Act 1 Scene 4. Hamlet is also uncertain of whether the ghost is truly his father or an evil spirit. Horatio is still fearful for what the ghost's appearance will mean for Denmark. Horatio suggests to Hamlet that the ghost may tempt him to jump in the sea or over a cliff. Hamlet acknowledges that the spirit could be "a spirit of health," bringing him goodness, or "goblin damned," bringing destruction. Hamlet is aware of the uncertainty and danger of the situation, but decides to go away to speak to the ghost privately.
Polonius is extremely controlling of his children. Even with Laertes leaving the country, Polonius tells him exactly how to behave. He also forbids Ophelia to see or speak to Hamlet. Ophelia respects and obeys her father. Laertes and Ophelia have a mutual respect for each other. Laertes warns Ophelia about falling in love with Hamlet. He does not want his sister to be hurt by a prince whose main concern is his position in the court. Ophelia agrees to remember her brother's advice, but also tells him to practice what he preaches. The family as a unit is common for the time period. Ophelia, as the woman, would be expected to submit to her father and respect her brother. Polonius leads his children like a true head of a household. Unfortunately for this family, Polonius does not always know best nor make the best decisions.
The ghost claims to be Hamlet's father. He says is fate is that he is stuck in purgatory until he pays off his sins. He describes himself as having been murdered viciously by his brother, Hamlet's uncle, Cluadius (the current king). Hamlet is shocked and eagar to avenge his father's wrongful death. The ghost wants Hamlet to avenge his death, but he instructs Hamlet to leave his mother, Gertrude, alone. Hamlet promises to remember his father's wishes. When talking to Horatio and Marcellus, Hamlet suggests that he will precede by seeming crazy. He specifically says he will "put an antic disposition on." He wants people to believe he has lost his mind to some degree.
Polonius is extremely controlling of his children. Even with Laertes leaving the country, Polonius tells him exactly how to behave. He also forbids Ophelia to see or speak to Hamlet. Ophelia respects and obeys her father. Laertes and Ophelia have a mutual respect for each other. Laertes warns Ophelia about falling in love with Hamlet. He does not want his sister to be hurt by a prince whose main concern is his position in the court. Ophelia agrees to remember her brother's advice, but also tells him to practice what he preaches. The family as a unit is common for the time period. Ophelia, as the woman, would be expected to submit to her father and respect her brother. Polonius leads his children like a true head of a household. Unfortunately for this family, Polonius does not always know best nor make the best decisions.
The ghost claims to be Hamlet's father. He says is fate is that he is stuck in purgatory until he pays off his sins. He describes himself as having been murdered viciously by his brother, Hamlet's uncle, Cluadius (the current king). Hamlet is shocked and eagar to avenge his father's wrongful death. The ghost wants Hamlet to avenge his death, but he instructs Hamlet to leave his mother, Gertrude, alone. Hamlet promises to remember his father's wishes. When talking to Horatio and Marcellus, Hamlet suggests that he will precede by seeming crazy. He specifically says he will "put an antic disposition on." He wants people to believe he has lost his mind to some degree.
Tuesday, March 31, 2009
Praise of Folly
"Praise of Folly" criticizes the church as well it's members. For example, it criticizes the women who wear tons of make-up as being foolish and absurd. The author criticizes Christians for needlessly lighting candles to the Virgin Mary. Instead, the book says that the Christians should try to live as lovingly and modest as she did. The story teaches that building statues and praising the saints are not as effective means of worshipping them as imitating them. The author con tines his criticism when he discusses how fools are more pleasing to God then "wise men." The educated and intelligent Christians try to live life by relying on their own wisdom. The message within "Praise of Folly" is mostly biblical. While the Bible does not include discussions on various gods, it does teach the other beliefs within the novel. For example, Christ is pleased greatly by the "fools" who submit to Him, instead of the wise men who think they know better than God. Also, Christ wants His followers to be like Him. Christians are supposed to continually be becoming more like Christ. We are not supposed to pray and praise Him on Sunday, but forget about Him the other days of the week.
Erasmus uses satire throughout his piece. He uses extreme exaggeration and unique phrasing to poke fun at the issues at hand. The use of satire is seen in the discussion of a play on page 1925. The description of the actors and their deceiving costumes is funny, but it really conveys a deeper message: Christians can be just as deceiving and two faced as actors. This message is stated when he says "now the whole life of mortal men, which is but a sort of play..." By using satire, the author is able to disarm his audience. The original readers may get caught up in the exaggeration and humor and not notice that he is criticizing them. The satire also is a way to keep the readers attention, and draw focus to important issues. Finally, it lets him talk deeply about an issue while still seeming to not be serious.
Erasmus uses satire throughout his piece. He uses extreme exaggeration and unique phrasing to poke fun at the issues at hand. The use of satire is seen in the discussion of a play on page 1925. The description of the actors and their deceiving costumes is funny, but it really conveys a deeper message: Christians can be just as deceiving and two faced as actors. This message is stated when he says "now the whole life of mortal men, which is but a sort of play..." By using satire, the author is able to disarm his audience. The original readers may get caught up in the exaggeration and humor and not notice that he is criticizing them. The satire also is a way to keep the readers attention, and draw focus to important issues. Finally, it lets him talk deeply about an issue while still seeming to not be serious.
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
Paradise Lost
There are many differences between the Biblical account and Milton's account of the fall. The prolonged description of Satan and his fallen angels is not found in the Bible. Specifically, "Paradise Lost" suggests that the demons have hope for salvation, while the Bible teaches that the choice the fallen angels made is permanent. The debate between Satan and his followers is not found in Scriptures. Another difference is found when Eve is describing when she first awoke. While her story does not sound unlikely, it is not written in the Bible. Milton also depicts Satan as a bird and a toad in the garden. These animals are not a part of the Biblical account. The story talks frequently about Gabriel and Raphael who are seen in the Bible, but not in the Genesis account of the fall. The story also includes insight on things God may have thought and said, but they are not included in the Bible. For example, "Paradise Lost" shows God forgiving Raphael and Gabriel for not stopping Satan. The book also depicts God as being the one who allowed Satan, Death and Sin to enter the earth. Finally, the scene where Michael tells the future of the human race to Adam is also not based on the Bible.
Milton expresses that his purpose for writing "Paradise Lost" is to demonstrate that the fall of man was part of God's plan, and that God is justified in his actions. This purpose comes from line 26 of the first book when the speaker says he wants to "justify the ways of God to men." The portions of the story that are not found in the Bible help me to understand the temptation and the fall. The scenes with Satan debating with the fallen angels demonstrate Satan's possible motives for the temptation. If Satan had really just lost a war to God in Heaven, it makes sense that he would want to try again to destroy God's plan. However, the scenes where God admits to allowing Satan, Death, and Sin into the world show that everything was in fact a part of His perfect plan. While these conversations are not seen in the Bible, they are helpful to understanding why man had to fall in the first place. Milton makes it clear through the scenes not from the Bible that God intended for man to fall in order to send His Son to save and forgive.
At first, when Adam instructs Eve and tells her to be obedient to God, she wholeheartedly agrees. Eve is submissive to Adam and respects him. When she ultimately disobeys him, Adam agrees to eating the fruit so that the two will face the consequences together. Another aspect of their relationship is that Adam is the one who learns, and then teaches his wife. This aspect is seen when Adam learns about the moons and stars, and Eve wanders off because she wants to hear is from Adam. Their relationship is based on love. Adam explains to Raphael that he is more attracted to Eve's "grateful acts" and "sweet compliance" then her outside beauty. After the fall, although Adam is angry with Eve, he comforts her and tries to make her feel better. Together they decide to live with their mistakes and ask God for forgiveness.
One modern issue that is explored in "Paradise Lost" is love. This topic is seen when Raphael and Adam discuss Eve. Raphael tells Adam to be cautious of purely physical attraction. Many people in today's society confuse love with lust. Another contemporary issue in the piece is should women be submissive to men? The story seems to suggest that they should. Whenever Eve listened to her husband things were fine, but once she disobeyed him and the Lord, there were severe consequences. Feminist women in today's culture do not want to obey men, but the Bible teaches that men should be the leaders, and women should obey.
Milton expresses that his purpose for writing "Paradise Lost" is to demonstrate that the fall of man was part of God's plan, and that God is justified in his actions. This purpose comes from line 26 of the first book when the speaker says he wants to "justify the ways of God to men." The portions of the story that are not found in the Bible help me to understand the temptation and the fall. The scenes with Satan debating with the fallen angels demonstrate Satan's possible motives for the temptation. If Satan had really just lost a war to God in Heaven, it makes sense that he would want to try again to destroy God's plan. However, the scenes where God admits to allowing Satan, Death, and Sin into the world show that everything was in fact a part of His perfect plan. While these conversations are not seen in the Bible, they are helpful to understanding why man had to fall in the first place. Milton makes it clear through the scenes not from the Bible that God intended for man to fall in order to send His Son to save and forgive.
At first, when Adam instructs Eve and tells her to be obedient to God, she wholeheartedly agrees. Eve is submissive to Adam and respects him. When she ultimately disobeys him, Adam agrees to eating the fruit so that the two will face the consequences together. Another aspect of their relationship is that Adam is the one who learns, and then teaches his wife. This aspect is seen when Adam learns about the moons and stars, and Eve wanders off because she wants to hear is from Adam. Their relationship is based on love. Adam explains to Raphael that he is more attracted to Eve's "grateful acts" and "sweet compliance" then her outside beauty. After the fall, although Adam is angry with Eve, he comforts her and tries to make her feel better. Together they decide to live with their mistakes and ask God for forgiveness.
One modern issue that is explored in "Paradise Lost" is love. This topic is seen when Raphael and Adam discuss Eve. Raphael tells Adam to be cautious of purely physical attraction. Many people in today's society confuse love with lust. Another contemporary issue in the piece is should women be submissive to men? The story seems to suggest that they should. Whenever Eve listened to her husband things were fine, but once she disobeyed him and the Lord, there were severe consequences. Feminist women in today's culture do not want to obey men, but the Bible teaches that men should be the leaders, and women should obey.
Tuesday, March 17, 2009
John Donne
In the poem "Death be not Proud," John Donne explores the complicated idea of death. The speaker explains that death should not be proud because it is not actually dreadful. In fact, the poem teaches that often the best men die first so that they may be rewarded by receiving eternal rest. The speaker says that death cannot kill him. This statement is made because the speaker is a Christian, and Christians have eternal life. Death is not a frightening concept for Christ followers. The poem even suggest that death should be considered a pleasurable experience. This idea comes from the fact that sleep, a lesser copy of death, is enjoyable. The poem seems to present death as something that should be pitied because it is subject to men and fate. When Christians receive eternal life, death essentially dies itself because it loses all power and influence over men. The form of this poem is a traditional sonnet. There is a simple rhyme scheme.
Everyman
The play "Everyman" contains specific Biblical truths. First of all, the main idea, that every person must come stand before God is true. The Bible teaches that everyone will eventually die, and when they do, they must confess before God on Judgement Day. Also, the character representing God in the play discusses the Crucifixion of Christ. This event is a Biblical truth, and the event that brought salvation to all mankind. Finally, the play teaches that a man's good deeds will accompany him to the afterlife. This is somewhat a Biblical truth because the Bible explains that "faith without works is dead" (James 2:20). However, the book of Galatians teaches that we must "put our faith in Christ Jesus that we may be justified by faith in Christ and not by observing the law, because by observing the law no one will be justified" (2:16). In this verse "the law" refers to the good deeds that were done on Earth. This connection to the Bible from the play can be related to Catholicism. Catholics believe that works are a critical part of salvation, and that certain actions must be preformed. The actual Biblical truth is a combination of genuine faith in Jesus, and the good works that naturally demonstrate the faith. Both the play and Catholicism fail to recognize this combination. Another connection to the Catholic faith is the idea of Confession.
The piece is reflective of the culture of the time period because of the strong ties to Christianity. The was a large rise in Christianity during the Middle Ages, specifically there was immense growth in the Catholic church. This rise is seen in the relationship to Catholic doctrine within the play. The play is considerably relevant today. The section about Fellowship is appropriate for modern society. Friends will come and go with life's difficulties. Fellowship represents those friends who are willing and abundantly helpful during pleasurable experiences, but quickly disappear with trouble. Everyone, from all time periods, can benefit from learning of this tendency of human nature. A second connection to modern culture is that everyone will be judged at the end of his or her life. Most often people forget of the eternal consequences of sin. Today's society needs to be reminded of the coming judgement.
The piece is reflective of the culture of the time period because of the strong ties to Christianity. The was a large rise in Christianity during the Middle Ages, specifically there was immense growth in the Catholic church. This rise is seen in the relationship to Catholic doctrine within the play. The play is considerably relevant today. The section about Fellowship is appropriate for modern society. Friends will come and go with life's difficulties. Fellowship represents those friends who are willing and abundantly helpful during pleasurable experiences, but quickly disappear with trouble. Everyone, from all time periods, can benefit from learning of this tendency of human nature. A second connection to modern culture is that everyone will be judged at the end of his or her life. Most often people forget of the eternal consequences of sin. Today's society needs to be reminded of the coming judgement.
Lanval
Lanval is an extremely generous man. He gave lavishly to the other knights, freed prisoners, and gave expensive gifts and clothes. He was not selfish with his belongings. This characteristic affirms the qualities of most people in the time period. The Middle Ages was known as the "age of chivalry." Most people were giving and willing to help those in need. A second dominate characteristic of Lanval's personality is his honesty. This quality is seen most clearly when the beautiful women enter the court. Lanval could have easily stated that one of them was his beloved, but instead he was completely honest each time. This feature also affirms the character of most people of the era. Honesty goes hand in hand with the chivalry that was popular. A dishonest person was considered to have less valor and worth. Finally, Lanval is a strongly devoted person. He refuses to love the queen out of devotion to his king and his beloved. This devotion also affirms the common characteristics of the time period. A successful knight was always devoted and loyal to his master or king. Overall, Lanval represents the characteristics that were common for knights at this time.
Lanval's salvation coming from a woman is significant because women were not viewed as having the power to save men. Men were the stronger, more dominate gender. On the other hand, women were considered weak and emotional. For Lanval's fate to rest in the hands of a woman is unprecedented. This is ultimately a feminist piece. The women, with the exception of the lying and overly emotional queen, are portrayed in a positive light. Lanval's beloved is depicted as a forgiving and understanding woman. The stereotype of this time period would have been for the scorned woman to be so overly angry and upset that she does not help the man. However, the beautiful woman in this work saves Lanval from his fate: death.
Lanval's salvation coming from a woman is significant because women were not viewed as having the power to save men. Men were the stronger, more dominate gender. On the other hand, women were considered weak and emotional. For Lanval's fate to rest in the hands of a woman is unprecedented. This is ultimately a feminist piece. The women, with the exception of the lying and overly emotional queen, are portrayed in a positive light. Lanval's beloved is depicted as a forgiving and understanding woman. The stereotype of this time period would have been for the scorned woman to be so overly angry and upset that she does not help the man. However, the beautiful woman in this work saves Lanval from his fate: death.
Monday, March 2, 2009
Beowulf
The character of Beowulf changes throughout the piece. When he fights Grendel and his Mother, Beowulf is extremely physically strong and courageous. The blows from his sword are powerful. Beowulf is able to remain unharmed. He is indestructible. However, when Beowulf fights the dragon, he does not seem as strong. The blows from his sword do not kill the dragon at first. Also, Beowulf is seriously injured. Now, he is mortal and vulnerable. It is also significant to note that when fighting Grendel's Mother Beowulf went alone, however when he fought the dragon he brought men with him. This demonstrates his transformation into a leader. When Beowulf was younger, he fought for his own glory; as he grew older he fought to protect others.
Medieval men were valued for their strength and courage. Beowulf demonstrates immense courage when fighting Grendel's Mother and the dragon. He knows he is close to death, but does not let that stop him from fighting the dragon. Beowulf is also thankful to God when he has the treasure: "To the King of Glory, I give thanks / that I behold this treasure here in front of me" (line 2795-6). His religion makes him similar to other men of the Middle Ages. Christianity was very popular in this time period, and most men would have been Christians.
Medieval men were valued for their strength and courage. Beowulf demonstrates immense courage when fighting Grendel's Mother and the dragon. He knows he is close to death, but does not let that stop him from fighting the dragon. Beowulf is also thankful to God when he has the treasure: "To the King of Glory, I give thanks / that I behold this treasure here in front of me" (line 2795-6). His religion makes him similar to other men of the Middle Ages. Christianity was very popular in this time period, and most men would have been Christians.
The Canterbury Tales
One feminist idea within The Wife of Bath's tale is that women could control men. The Wife of Bath uses her sexual power to control her husbands. She is also able to control them through the lies that she tells. If one of her husbands was drunk, she would make him feel guilty by claiming that he said something terrible. He would therefor give her what she wanted. This feminist idea can be contrasted with the common Medieval idea that women were inferior to men, and that husbands controlled their wives. Another idea concerning women within the tale is that women are sinful. The Wife's sinfulness can be seen when she lies, purposefully makes her husbands jealous, marries men for money, and hits her fifth husband. This idea towards women was very common in the Middle Ages. Men believed women were sinful, disorderly, and caused men to sin.
The Medieval ideal of courtly love is demonstrated by the love between Alisoun and Nicholas. Their love is very passionate and can be associated with the chivalry of the time period. They want to be together because they love each other, not because the relationship was arranged as was common before the Middle Ages. In fact, the two fall in love despite Alisoun being already married. Another Medieval ideal that is seen in this tale is that of Christianity. This is demonstrated when Nicholas tells John that he has had a vision from God. John sees the importance of a vision from God and agrees to do what God has "commanded." If John was not a Christian, then he would not have cared what God had supposedly revealed to Nicholas. Christianity was very common in this time period, therefor the audience also would have understood and accepted why John listened to Nicholas.
The Medieval ideal of courtly love is demonstrated by the love between Alisoun and Nicholas. Their love is very passionate and can be associated with the chivalry of the time period. They want to be together because they love each other, not because the relationship was arranged as was common before the Middle Ages. In fact, the two fall in love despite Alisoun being already married. Another Medieval ideal that is seen in this tale is that of Christianity. This is demonstrated when Nicholas tells John that he has had a vision from God. John sees the importance of a vision from God and agrees to do what God has "commanded." If John was not a Christian, then he would not have cared what God had supposedly revealed to Nicholas. Christianity was very common in this time period, therefor the audience also would have understood and accepted why John listened to Nicholas.
Monday, February 23, 2009
Medieval Women
During this time period, women were considered inferior to men. One reason is because they were considered the reason for Adam and Eve's first sin. The excerpt from "The Appearance of Women" says that "the judgement of God [is] upon this sex," when speaking of women. Although this is true, this is not a factor that makes women be seen as less than men in our society. I believe this is because modern day culture is not focused on Christianity. Another reason women were seen as the inferior sex is because of their work. Women worked on spinning and weaving, as well as managing the home. Compared to the difficult and honorable work of men, a woman's work was not understood to be as important. I feel this is still somewhat prevalent in today's society. Some men believe that women can not accomplish the same things or handle the same responsibilities as them. While this is not true, I realize it is not uncommon.
The passage from "The Southern Passion" explains the double standard that existed, and still exists in some sense, between men and women. While women are stereotyped as promiscuous from having sex once, a man can be completely corrupt and still accepted. I believe this is a strong argument because it exposes the inequality among men and women. Another strong argument is that women are not dishonorable because God chose a woman to carry the Son of God. A weaker argument is found in "The Southern Passion." It argues that women should not be judged as a whole, but individually. For example, if one woman is unfaithful, men should not assume all women are that way. I don't find this illustration as convincing because I do not believe there is much evidence that suggests that men act this way. If they do, I believe women are just as guilty of it.
The passage from "The Southern Passion" explains the double standard that existed, and still exists in some sense, between men and women. While women are stereotyped as promiscuous from having sex once, a man can be completely corrupt and still accepted. I believe this is a strong argument because it exposes the inequality among men and women. Another strong argument is that women are not dishonorable because God chose a woman to carry the Son of God. A weaker argument is found in "The Southern Passion." It argues that women should not be judged as a whole, but individually. For example, if one woman is unfaithful, men should not assume all women are that way. I don't find this illustration as convincing because I do not believe there is much evidence that suggests that men act this way. If they do, I believe women are just as guilty of it.
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Sir Gawain
This story demonstrates the value the Medieval society placed on chivalry. King Arthur is described as the "most courteous of all," and the guests are called "the most noble knights" and the "loveliest ladies." It also shows the importance of religion within the culture. There are several references to Christ and Christianity. For example, when Gawain is leaving the house he had been staying at, he asks Christ to guard and protect it. The poem also closes with lines that praise Jesus: "May He that was crowned with thorn / Bring all men to His bliss!" Another motif that is present throughout the piece is that of covenants. Sir Gawain is true to his covenant made with the Green Knight, even though he knows it could lead to his death. This motif is related to the popularity of the nobility and chivalry of the time period.
Saturday, February 21, 2009
Medieval Lyrics
I really enjoyed the poem "The Art of Love." It is about a man who is sincerely in love with a woman. The speaker says he will turn down material things, such as the city of Luserna and being the Pope, to have her love. He is tormented and lonely without her, and prays to God for good luck with her. He compares the work of loving her as trying to hoard the wind. It is clear that this poem is from the Medieval era because of the powerful overlying motif of love. This topic was very popular in Medieval poems. The poem also demonstrates the Medieval idea of courtly love, as opposed to arranged marriages. Another motif within the poem that connects to the Medieval time period is that of religion. The speaker prays, attends mass, and lights candles in hope of receiving divine help in winning the heart of his lover. Many Medieval poems demonstrated religious elements.
Monday, February 16, 2009
1001 Nights
I believe the Vizier's daughter is heroic. She is willing to sacrifice her life in an attempt to save many others. She uses her intelligence and her wit, instead of physical strength, to be heroic. For this reason, she reminds me of Odysseus from the Odyssey. Odysseus uses his witty personality to save himself and his crew members. The Vizier's daughter also refuses to listen to her father regarding whether or not she should go through with her idea. This characteristic reminds me of Hector from the Iliad. He did not listen to his mother and father when they begged him to not fight Achilles.
The two short stories told by the Vizier have some reoccurring motifs. One example is that both stories deal with the results of taking advice from others. The Ox takes the advice of the Donkey, and the merchant indirectly listened to the advice of the rooster. In both of the stories, the idea of a human being able to understand the language of animals is present. The merchant hears and clearly understands the donkey, ox, dog and rooster. Also, both stories deal with doing things, no matter the cost, to help and save oneself. For example, the donkey does not mind making the ox fear for his life in order to prevent him having to do the ox's duties again. Similarly, the merchant is willing to beat his wife in order to prevent his death.
The two short stories told by the Vizier have some reoccurring motifs. One example is that both stories deal with the results of taking advice from others. The Ox takes the advice of the Donkey, and the merchant indirectly listened to the advice of the rooster. In both of the stories, the idea of a human being able to understand the language of animals is present. The merchant hears and clearly understands the donkey, ox, dog and rooster. Also, both stories deal with doing things, no matter the cost, to help and save oneself. For example, the donkey does not mind making the ox fear for his life in order to prevent him having to do the ox's duties again. Similarly, the merchant is willing to beat his wife in order to prevent his death.
Confessions
Augustine had a very close relationship with his mother. She impacted his life by teaching his important virtues. For example, she taught him to be a peacemaker between people who are fighting. She also impacted his life by teaching him about Christianity. They were able to discuss religion together, and even shared a very significant and supernatural vision. He is very heartbroken when she dies. However, he chooses not to mourn and grieve over her death. I think this is because he is certain she would be in heaven with God. He felt great pain because of her death because his time with her had been cut short. He felt as if his life had been torn apart because together they were one life. He also writes a prayer for his mother at the end of the selection.
Augustine had a very close relationship with God as well. He was fully devoted to following God and He was able to trust God completely. I think this is most clear when his mother dies. Augustine is not angry with God for taking his mother, instead he accepts it and prays for her sins. Also, Augustine seemed to be very good at worshipping and praises God no matter what. Again, this is seen when his mother dies. He is able to praise God through this extremely difficult time. His affectionate and close relationship was unique for his time period. Mainly because many people did not believe in only one God, most at the time were polytheistic. Most of those who were Christians were not as fully devoted to God as Augustine. I believe his extreme devotion and trust is unique for our time period as well. It is rare, but not impossible here at Liberty, to find someone who is so focused to trusting and worshipping God.
Augustine had a very close relationship with God as well. He was fully devoted to following God and He was able to trust God completely. I think this is most clear when his mother dies. Augustine is not angry with God for taking his mother, instead he accepts it and prays for her sins. Also, Augustine seemed to be very good at worshipping and praises God no matter what. Again, this is seen when his mother dies. He is able to praise God through this extremely difficult time. His affectionate and close relationship was unique for his time period. Mainly because many people did not believe in only one God, most at the time were polytheistic. Most of those who were Christians were not as fully devoted to God as Augustine. I believe his extreme devotion and trust is unique for our time period as well. It is rare, but not impossible here at Liberty, to find someone who is so focused to trusting and worshipping God.
Monday, February 9, 2009
Antigone
Creon insists that Antigone be put to death because he views her as a traitor to her city. He also sees her as disrespectful to his authority. This shows that the Greeks value loyalty to their home towns. The Greek leaders demanded respect, and a citizen who disobeyed, especially a woman, would not go unpunished. The play, specifically Creon's attitude towards Antigone, shows how the Greeks did not value the political opinion of women. For example, Creon refuses to listen to Antigone because he will not take the advice of a woman. Despite Creon's determination, Antigone does not regret her actions, even though they ultimately lead to her being put to death. She does not back down from her convictions.
The play presents life as worthless without those you love. This is seen when Creon's son kills himself because of Antigone's death, and also when Creon's wife kills herself due to her son's death. Morality is seen as insignificant. For example, Antigone disobeys authority, and Creon is cruel. The play demonstrates how women were not allowed to stand up for what they believe. Antigone demonstrates the strength and determination of women. She is unafraid of the consequences of her actions. The gods punish men for cruel actions. For example, Tiresias says the wrath of the gods will come to Thebes because of Antigone's cruel death. Sophocles seems to take a stand for the idea that the gods will punish corrupt men. This is seen in the play's resolution, when Creon's wife and son commit suicide.
The play presents life as worthless without those you love. This is seen when Creon's son kills himself because of Antigone's death, and also when Creon's wife kills herself due to her son's death. Morality is seen as insignificant. For example, Antigone disobeys authority, and Creon is cruel. The play demonstrates how women were not allowed to stand up for what they believe. Antigone demonstrates the strength and determination of women. She is unafraid of the consequences of her actions. The gods punish men for cruel actions. For example, Tiresias says the wrath of the gods will come to Thebes because of Antigone's cruel death. Sophocles seems to take a stand for the idea that the gods will punish corrupt men. This is seen in the play's resolution, when Creon's wife and son commit suicide.
Oedipus The King
This play demonstrates the value the Greeks placed on the gods. The citizens, including the queen, offer sacrifices to the gods. Also, the citizens call on several gods to save Thebes. The chorus is also seen debating whether or not the gods rule the world. Greek ideas about fate are clearly seen in this play. The best example of this is seen through Oedipus. He leaves home when he hears that he will kill his father and sleep with his mother, and he flees to Thebes. On the way, he kills Liaus and ultimately marries Jocasta. As fate would have it, the king and queen or Corinth were not Oedipus' parents, but Liaus and Jocasta were. This story illustrates how the Greeks believed fate controlled the lives of men and women. The Greeks also placed high value on heroism. Oedipus is viewed as a hero, and the people are very sad when tragedy strikes Oedipus.
By Greek standards, Oedipus can be viewed as a hero. He tries to do the right thing when he learns of the prophecy that he will kill his parents. He also wants to help the people of Thebes find Liaus' murderer. Although he does not seem physically strong, (because of his limp) he was still a respected ruler. He reminds me of Hector from the "Iliad." Oedipus is trying to protect his city and his family, like Hector, but ultimately, fate controls what happens to these heroes.
By Greek standards, Oedipus can be viewed as a hero. He tries to do the right thing when he learns of the prophecy that he will kill his parents. He also wants to help the people of Thebes find Liaus' murderer. Although he does not seem physically strong, (because of his limp) he was still a respected ruler. He reminds me of Hector from the "Iliad." Oedipus is trying to protect his city and his family, like Hector, but ultimately, fate controls what happens to these heroes.
Sunday, February 1, 2009
Lysistrata: Personal Response
I found this play very interesting. It shows the power and influence women had even in ancient times. Lysistrata and the other women were able to use their beauty to influence the men in the war. I thought some spots were disturbing, but I believe that can be contributed to the original intended auidence. The Greek society was much more comfortable with sexuality than my personal taste. I think what the women did was very brave of them. Disobeying their husbands, and leaving their children was very dangerous. I also feel it was very clever of Lysistrata to come up with this plan, and be able to successfully execute it. She is a very powerful woman. She is able to control the women and convince them to follow her leadership.
Lysistrata: Greek Culture
The play demonstrates the value the Greeks placed on their gods. This is seen when the women make a sacrifice to a god asking for her to be "propitious to us poor women." The Greeks also valued their city-states. This is seen by the determination of the men on each side to win the war. The play is consistent with several characteristics of the time period. The women are responsible for the household, and also not allowed to partake in the war. The women are also viewed as sexual objects. Another characteristic is the fact that the city-states are at war, which was very common in Greece at this time.
Lysistrata: Women
In the play, women are portrayed as the controllers of the household. Cleonice explains that the other women are helping their husbands, getting their servants up, and taking care of their children. They are also portrayed as sexual objects. Even Cleonice treats the other women as sexual beings when she exposes one's breast and another's "garden." These portrayals are consistent with the cultural views of Greek women at that time. Women stayed in the house to maintain it and raise the children. They were also responsible for giving their husbands a male heir. Lysistrata defies the stereotypes of the day by asking women to deny their husbands sex. She also has the women come with her to the Acropolis. This would be uncommon, because most women stayed in their homes. Lysistrata also defies the stereotypes by being so involved in politics. This is revolutionary because women could not even vote or hold office.
Saturday, January 24, 2009
The Odyssey
Odysseus is a very cunning character. One example of this is when he tells Polyphemus that his ship has crashed into the island. This is important because if Polyphemus had found their ship, he would have found the rest of the crew. The best example of Odysseus' cunning behavior is when he tells the Cyclops that his name is "Nobody." This becomes significant later in the story when Polyphemus tells the other Cyclops that "Nobody is trying to kill me." Odysseus is also clever when he uses the sheep to escape. His cunning behavior shows he has a very tricky and conniving character. I believe his clever tricks make him more of a hero. He is able to outsmart his enemies, instead of relying only on physical strength His actions are still brave and courageous because there is no guarantee that his enemy will fall for the trick.
The grotesque details of the battle scene demonstrate how comfortable the Greeks were with the issue of war. Many Americans would be repulsed by reading such detailed descriptions of the War on Terror. Our culture is not used to the idea of war and is uncomfortable with the details of this issue. However, for the Greeks, battles and fighting was a normal part of their lives. Homer is not too detailed for his original audience. His descriptions allow the reader to clearly picture what is occurring. The narrative condones fighting and brutality. The violence is depicted as acceptable and understandable.
The grotesque details of the battle scene demonstrate how comfortable the Greeks were with the issue of war. Many Americans would be repulsed by reading such detailed descriptions of the War on Terror. Our culture is not used to the idea of war and is uncomfortable with the details of this issue. However, for the Greeks, battles and fighting was a normal part of their lives. Homer is not too detailed for his original audience. His descriptions allow the reader to clearly picture what is occurring. The narrative condones fighting and brutality. The violence is depicted as acceptable and understandable.
Sunday, January 18, 2009
The Iliad
Homer's epic demonstrates several values of the Ancient Greeks. The story shows the importance of the gods in the lives of man. The Greeks offered sacrifices and listened to the messages of the gods. The story also shows the value the Greek society placed on family. Hector's parents pleaded with him to not fight Achilles because they desperately wanted him to live. After Hector's death, Priam was devastated. The Greeks were also very devoted to their city-state. The soldiers took pride in fighting for their homeland.
Throughout the story, Achilles is depicted as a very strong character. He is called a "shining sprinter," and is feared by most of the Trojans. Achilles is also a very determined character. He is focused on getting revenge for the death of Patroclus. Later in the story, Achilles is sympathetic towards Priam because he reminds him of his own father. The message from the gods lead Achilles to change. He gives Hector's body back to his family, and protects Priam from the Greek soldiers. Although he is still strong and determined, he becomes sympathetic and understanding.
Throughout the story, Achilles is depicted as a very strong character. He is called a "shining sprinter," and is feared by most of the Trojans. Achilles is also a very determined character. He is focused on getting revenge for the death of Patroclus. Later in the story, Achilles is sympathetic towards Priam because he reminds him of his own father. The message from the gods lead Achilles to change. He gives Hector's body back to his family, and protects Priam from the Greek soldiers. Although he is still strong and determined, he becomes sympathetic and understanding.
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